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apa.org Guidance for Translational Abstracts and Public Significance Statements
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Perplexity · What's a reliable way to translate my thesis so technical terms stay identical from the abstract to the bibliography?
Oct 18, 2026, 1:27 AM UTC
Search Results: What's a reliable way to translate my thesis so technical terms stay identical from the abstract to the bibliography?
Found 10 results
Result 1
Thesis and dissertation translation
Published: 2026-06-13 | Last Updated: 2026-09-24
Specialist translation of doctoral and master’s theses, dissertation chapters, abstracts, literature reviews, and defense materials for students, supervisors, and joint-degree programs working between English, Spanish, and French. We preserve argument structure, terminology, and citation formatting chapter by chapter, so committees and co-supervisors can evaluate the research rather than untangle the translation. ... Quick answer: can you keep my terminology consistent across all chapters? Yes — this is the core of how we approach thesis translation. Before translating the first chapter, we build a glossary of your key terms, theoretical concepts, and recurring phrases, ideally drawn from your existing chapters or a terms list you provide. Every subsequent chapter, abstract, or summary is translated against that same glossary, so a term that means one specific thing in your framework is rendered the same way wherever it appears, even if chapters are translated weeks apart or by different reviewers on our side. ... Translated with attention to how cited authors and schools of thought are referred to in the target language’s academic convention
- Methodology and findings sections
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- Defense presentation scripts and slides
... We set up your glossary from the first chapter you send and apply it to every chapter afterward, however far apart they arrive, so the finished translation reads as one consistent document even though it was produced over weeks or months. ... Yes. We translate the surrounding prose while leaving citation apparatus — author names, years, reference list entries, footnote numbering — exactly as formatted in your source document, in whichever style your institution requires (APA, MLA, Chicago, Vancouver, and others). If your reference list includes titles in your source language that should remain untranslated for citation accuracy, tell us and we will preserve them as-is. ... From the second chapter onward, we extend the existing glossary with any new terms that chapter introduces, rather than starting over, which is part of why turnaround on later chapters is often faster than on the first.
- Upload
Send a chapter, an abstract, or the full manuscript in its working format (Word, LaTeX export, or PDF).
- Glossary setup
We extract key terms, theoretical concepts, and recurring phrases from your text, or work from a terms list you provide.
- Translation
A translator matched to your discipline renders the chapter against the glossary, preserving hedging language and citation formatting.
- Academic review
A second reviewer checks the chapter against the glossary and previous chapters for consistency of terms and tone.
- Delivery
You receive an editable file matching your original formatting, plus a PDF, with the project glossary available for future chapters. ... Yes. We build a project glossary from the first chapter you send, covering key terms and theoretical concepts, and apply it to every later chapter regardless of the gap between deliveries.
Result 2
Dissertation & PhD Thesis Translation | FÜD
Last Updated: 2026-10-04
Dissertation and PhD thesis translation, publication-ready and terminology-checked, is handled by native professional translators from your own discipline — doctoral thesis, abstract or summary, in the required citation style, confidential, with optional academic proofreading. From €0.89 per standard line.
- Subject natives your field of study
- Consistent citations APA, MLA, Vancouver
... Native professional translators from your discipline · publication-ready for international journals · citation style and terminology to your specification · free sample translation on request ... A dissertation carries your argument across hundreds of pages – and it has to carry it just as precisely in the target language. Technical terms, methodology and citation style have to be right, and the text has to read in the proper academic register. That is why, at the FÜD, your work is translated by native professional translators from your own discipline – not raw machine output and not a subject-foreign generalist. We secure terminology through glossaries and translation memories, keep the citation style required by your faculty or journal (e.g. APA, Vancouver), and treat unpublished results in strict confidence. As part of our academic and research translation, a dissertation translation can be combined with academic proofreading through to a submission-ready version. ...
Publication parts
- Abstract & summary
... That is why: professional translators from the discipline, checked terminology and native-speaker control. ... |Pitfall|What happens without a professional translator|How the FÜD secures it| |--|--|--| |Discipline-specific terminology|A generalist renders “significance”, “validity” or a reagent name amateurishly – one term off shifts the statement.|A translator from your discipline, backed by a subject-specific glossary – not an all-rounder.| |Citation & referencing style|Source references are translated along with the text or the style slips; the bibliography becomes formally invalid.|Sources stay in the original; APA 7, Vancouver, Chicago or Harvard are kept consistently throughout.| |Formulas, LaTeX & special characters|Equations, units, LaTeX commands and Greek symbols break during reformatting.|Formulas, LaTeX code and special characters stay untouched – only the surrounding text is translated.| | … | … | … | |Journal & university requirements|The abstract exceeds the word limit, the journal’s stylesheet is ignored – a common reason for a desk reject.|We build in the abstract word limit, the author guidelines and the style guide in advance.| | … | … | … | |Terminology across 200+ pages|The same term appears now one way, now another across chapters and hands – the work looks careless.|Translation memory and glossary secure a term across the entire thesis, even with several people working on it.| ... A dissertation remains your own independent work. We render it linguistically – without adding or removing arguments. ... We render your work into the required academic register and the requested citation style (e.g. APA, Vancouver). ... Yes. Formulas, LaTeX code, units and special characters stay untouched – only the surrounding text is translated. Source references are left in the original, and the required citation style (APA 7, Vancouver, Chicago or Harvard) is kept consistently throughout the work. ... Whether your journal requires APA 7, Vancouver, Chicago or Harvard governs source references, figure callouts and the bibliography. We render them in a style-compliant way, leave quotations in the original where the journal demands it, and keep your discipline's terminology consistent throughout the work.
Result 3
How to Translate a Research Paper Without Losing Citations
Published: 2026-04-10 | Last Updated: 2026-08-13
Academic papers are among the most complex documents to translate: inline citations that must remain intact, reference lists formatted to strict bibliographic standards, equations written in universal notation that should never be touched, and two-column layouts that most tools mangle completely. ... In-text citations. Academic papers embed citations throughout the body text in formats like (Author, 2023), 1, or Smith et al.. These markers must remain exactly as they appear — they're pointers to specific entries in the reference list. A translated citation that loses its format breaks the scholarly chain entirely. Reference lists. The bibliography at the end of a paper is not your content — it belongs to other authors. Reference entries in APA, MLA, Chicago, Vancouver, or IEEE format should generally remain in their original language. Reviewers and readers who want to locate a source need the title in the language it was published in. Mathematical equations and formulas. Equations are written in a universal notation that transcends language. LaTeX-generated symbols, integrals, matrices, and Greek letters must pass through a translation entirely unchanged. A tool that "translates" an equation has broken it. ... Footnotes and endnotes. Scholarly footnotes carry substantive content — supplementary arguments, tangential evidence, methodological caveats. They need to be translated accurately and kept positionally correct on the page. Figures, tables, and captions. A figure caption explains what the reader is looking at. It needs to be translated. The figure itself — a diagram, graph, or image — should not be altered. Abstracts in multiple languages. Many journals require bilingual abstracts. Some papers already include an abstract in English alongside the body text in another language. These need careful handling to avoid duplication or confusion. ... |Element|Translate?|Why| |--|--|--| |Body text|Yes|Core content of the paper| |Abstract|Yes|Essential for understanding the paper's contribution| |Section headings|Yes|Navigation and context| |Figure captions|Yes|Needed to interpret figures| |Table headers|Yes|Required to understand tabular data| |Table data (text cells)|Usually yes|Context-dependent — verify units and terms| |Keywords|Yes|Improves discoverability in the target language| |Author names|No|Proper nouns — never translate personal names| |In-text citations (Author, Year) / n|No|Must match reference list exactly| |Reference list entries|No|Bibliographic entries stay in original language| |Equations and formulas|No|Universal mathematical notation — leave untouched| |Institutional affiliations|Judgment call|Keep original; optionally add translation in brackets| |DOIs and URLs|No|Technical identifiers — must remain unchanged| |Journal names|No|Proper nouns — keep in original form| When in doubt, ask: does this element exist to communicate an idea, or to identify something? Ideas get translated. Identifiers don't. ...
Method 1: AI-Powered PDF Translation (Doclingo) — Recommended
Upload the paper as a PDF. Doclingo's AI analyzes the document structure before translating — identifying the two-column layout, recognizing citation patterns, leaving equations untouched, and preserving the reference section as-is. What works well:
- The body text, abstract, headings, and figure captions are translated accurately
- In-text citation markers like (Wang et al., 2021) or 14 pass through unchanged
- Equations and LaTeX-rendered formulas are preserved
- The reference list is kept in its original language and format
- Multi-column layouts remain intact
- Bilingual output gives you a side-by-side PDF for verification — original on one side, translation on the other
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- Highly specialized terminology (cutting-edge subfields, new technical terms) should always be reviewed
... This approach separates the reference management from the translation. The workflow:
- Import the paper into a reference manager (Zotero, Mendeley, or EndNote)
- Export the body text, abstract, and sections into a plain text editor
- Translate the text content using your preferred tool
- Reassemble the document, reattaching the original reference list from your reference manager
...
Step 1: Download the Publisher PDF
Get the PDF directly from the journal website, PubMed, or your institutional access. Publisher PDFs have the cleanest structure — properly tagged columns, embedded fonts, and clean text layers. Avoid preprints or scanned copies if a publisher version is available.
Step 2: Upload to Doclingo
Go to doclingo.ai and upload the PDF. Doclingo accepts multi-column academic layouts and processes them correctly.
Step 3: Set Your Languages
Choose the source language (or use Auto-Detect) and your target language. For academic content, choosing the correct source language improves translation accuracy.
Step 4: Choose Your AI Engine
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Step 5: Enable Bilingual Output
Turn on the bilingual (side-by-side) output option. This produces a PDF with the original text on one side and the translation on the other — the fastest way to verify that citations, equations, and reference entries passed through correctly.
Step 6: Translate and Review
Click translate. Most papers of standard length (5,000–8,000 words) complete in under 2 minutes. After translation:
- Verify that in-text citations appear exactly as in the original
- Check that equations are unchanged
- Confirm the reference list is in its original language
- Review discipline-specific terminology in the abstract and key findings
...
Tips for Best Results
- Use the publisher PDF, not a scan. Publisher PDFs have clean text layers with proper column tagging.
They translate far more accurately than scanned versions. ...
- Enable bilingual output and verify citations. The side-by-side view is the fastest way to confirm that every in-text citation passed through unchanged.
Spot-check five to ten citation markers in the body text against the original.
- Don't translate the reference list. Reviewers, supervisors, and readers who want to locate your cited sources need the original bibliographic entry.
A translated title or journal name makes the source unfindable. Leave reference lists in their original language.
- Check equations after translation. Even when equations should pass through unchanged, a quick scan of equation-heavy sections confirms that no symbols were accidentally altered.
...
- Review discipline-specific terminology. AI translation handles general academic prose very well.
... These need human review.
- For theses and dissertations, split by chapter. Very long documents (50,000+ words) translate more reliably when processed as logical units.
Split by chapter, translate each, then reassemble. ... The one rule that holds across all methods: never translate your reference list.
Result 4
Step-by-Step Guide to Translating Academic Theses
Last Updated: 2026-10-14
Step-by-Step Guide to Translating Academic Theses
A step-by-step guide to thesis translation, from preparing the research and selecting terminology to proofreading and final academic formatting. ... An academic thesis is a complete project that passes through a sequence of interconnected stages, beginning with content analysis and file preparation, followed by the development of a clear plan for preserving scientific terminology, then the translation itself, linguistic and academic review, and finally the preparation of the fully formatted version before delivery. ... This guide therefore presents a practical workflow for managing the translation of a master’s thesis or doctoral dissertation from the moment the file is received until the final submission-ready version is prepared. The focus is on implementation quality, terminology consistency, and ease of review rather than on literal translation alone. ... Before beginning, review the thesis from start to finish without attempting to translate any section. Identify the main elements that will influence the implementation plan, including the total number of pages, the number of chapters, the density of scientific terminology, the quantity of tables and figures, the appendices, and the reference list. It is also essential to determine whether the thesis will be submitted to a university, academic journal, or research institution because each may apply different requirements regarding writing style, formatting, and documentation. The final delivery deadline must also be established at this stage. ... Pre-Translation Checklist • Identify the source language and the required target language. • Determine the total length of the thesis in words or pages. • Review the requirements of the university or academic journal. • Identify all tables, figures, and appendices. • Confirm the final delivery deadline. • Assess the complexity of the scientific terminology. • Ensure that the final source version is complete before translation begins. ... Begin by collecting all project-related files in one clearly organized folder. This folder should contain the primary working version as well as any supporting documents that may be required during translation. ... It is also advisable to create separate subfolders for references, images, tables, appendices, and any additional documents provided by the supervisor or university. ... One of the most common errors in academic translation is using multiple translations for the same technical term within one thesis. ... For this reason, a project glossary should be prepared before chapter translation begins rather than being created gradually during implementation. Every key term should be recorded together with its approved translation, the source used to verify it, and any notes required to ensure that it is used consistently throughout the thesis. The glossary should not be limited to scientific terminology alone. ... The glossary should also be reviewed after each chapter is completed because certain terms may require clarification, refinement, or standardization before the project proceeds to the next stage. ... A more effective approach is to divide the project into independent implementation stages so that each stage can be reviewed before moving to the next. ... Stage One: Preliminary Pages • Title page. • Abstract. • Dedication and acknowledgments, when included. • Preliminary indexes and lists. It is preferable to postpone the final review of these pages until the entire project has been completed because some information may change before submission. Stage Two: Theoretical Framework • Translation of the central concepts. • Standardization of terminology. • Verification of theory names and researchers’ names. • Comparison of quotations with the original text. This stage requires continuous reference to the terminology glossary prepared before translation began. Stage Three: Methodology • Research methods. • Study instruments. ... • Data collection procedures. The primary focus here should be accuracy and clarity rather than decorative writing because any change in meaning may affect how the research methodology is understood. Stage Four: Results • Tables. • Graphs and charts. • Numerical findings. ... All numbers, percentages, symbols, and references must correspond exactly to the original version because this stage does not allow for subjective interpretation or unnecessary reformulation. ... One of the defining characteristics of a doctoral dissertation is the density of highly specialized terminology. The terminology glossary should therefore be updated continuously rather than treated as a fixed document prepared only at the beginning of the project. Doctoral dissertations also tend to contain a larger number of references. This requires careful verification of authors’ names, book titles, journal articles, and all other bibliographic information to ensure that no reference details are altered during translation. It is also advisable to divide the project into clearly defined time-based phases, with each group of chapters undergoing an independent review cycle instead of postponing all review work until the entire dissertation has been translated. ... This stage focuses on the scientific content and includes: • Checking terminology consistency. • Verifying conceptual accuracy. • Ensuring that the translation matches the context of the discipline. ... The entire translation process can be summarized in a single implementation roadmap. The objective is simple: do not move to the next stage until every requirement of the current stage has been completed and verified. Stage One Analyze the Thesis ↓ Stage Two Prepare the Project Files ↓ Stage Three Develop the Terminology Glossary ↓ Stage Four Translate the Thesis in Phases ↓ Stage Five Conduct Linguistic and Academic Review ↓ Stage Six Complete the Final Formatting ↓ Stage Seven Perform the Final Quality Assessment ↓ Stage Eight Prepare the Final Submission Package
Result 5
Scientific Translation for Papers & Patents - tolingo
Published: 2026-08-31 | Last Updated: 2026-10-09
Scientific translation by subject specialists with a master’s degree or a PhD. Submit your papers, dissertations and patents ready for publication: specialist translation that gets the terminology right, with full confidentiality for unpublished research. ... Certified to ISO 17100 · Strict NDAs for pre-prints ... True to your format and your journal Translation directly in LaTeX, XML and InDesign. We keep to your publication guidelines. ... Summary for research and academia - Text types and fields: we translate publications, dissertations, patents and clinical reports in medicine, engineering and the natural sciences.
- Academic standards: native-speaker specialist translators with a master’s degree or a PhD keep the content exact and the terminology consistent.
... Scientific texts differ sharply from general translation. In research, what counts is factual and terminological precision. Terms have to follow the internationally recognised nomenclatures, from IUPAC in chemistry to the ICD-11 catalogue in medicine. Paraphrase is not an option. ... Our editors in editing and proofreading also check the formal citation standards (APA 7th edition, Harvard, Vancouver, IEEE) carefully. ... Abstracts, methodology, discussion and conclusions, adjusted in style and form to the guidelines of international peer-reviewed journals. ... Dissertations & theses Specialist translation and editing of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral theses for international publication. Citation standards checked. ...
How your scientific translation runs From the upload to a version ready to publish
- Document analysis and SME assignment
We look at the field, the density of terminology and the target journal. On that basis we assign a specialist translator with the right academic background, a physicist with a doctorate for a Nature Physics paper for instance.
- Terminology synchronisation
Before translation we match your specific terminology against our termbase, so your terms are translated consistently across the whole document.
- Specialist translation in the source format
Translation happens directly in the native format (LaTeX, XML, InDesign). Formulae, code tags and layout are left untouched. Only the running text is extracted and translated.
- Academic revision (four-eyes principle)
A second, independent subject specialist checks the translation under ISO 17100 for factual correctness, terminological consistency and adherence to the journal guidelines.
- Quality assurance and delivery
A final check of the citation standards, a layout check and delivery in the format you want, with a certificate of accuracy for your submission. ... To spare you copy-and-paste errors and tedious reformatting, our translation systems work directly in your source files. ... |LaTeX / TeX|The standard in mathematics, physics, computer science and anywhere with complex formulae.|Our systems protect the code tags. Formulae, tables and BibTeX references stay untouched. Only the running text is extracted and translated.| ... |Word / PDF|The standard format for dissertations, expert reports and the humanities.|Formatting, footnotes, endnotes and bibliographies are carried over exactly.| ... Yes. Our translation software recognises the code (mathematical formulae, BibTeX references, layout commands) and protects it. ... For safety-critical publications and intellectual property we clearly recommend human translation by subject specialists. AI tools such as DeepL or ChatGPT do not reliably catch fine shades of meaning in a specialist discussion, or assign nomenclatures correctly.
Result 6
immersivetranslate.com › en › documentTranslate Paper: Fast AI Document Translation Tool
Last Updated: 2026-10-03
Immersive Translate's document translator enables researchers to upload academic papers in PDF, DOCX, or ePub formats, delivering bilingual side-by-side translations that preserve original formatting while supporting 100+ language pairs through 18+ AI engines. ... 1
Select translation tool for your needs.
2
Upload the file.
3
Download translated document with your preferred format.
... Format Preservation Maintains original layout, citations, formulas, and tables intact when translating research papers and academic documents. Translation Accuracy AI context-aware technology ensures precise terminology and consistent academic language throughout your translated papers. ... Side-by-side original and translated text enables easy verification and comprehension of academic content and citations. ... Upload your research paper securely, and our system analyzes its structure—detecting headings, citations, and formulas. Advanced AI engines extract text while preserving layout, translate with context-aware accuracy using your preferred service, then reassemble content maintaining original formatting. Download your bilingual academic document with tables, references, and footnotes intact, ready for citation or publication. ... When you need to translate academic papers, maintaining the original layout is crucial for readability and professional presentation. Immersive Translate's document translation feature excels at this by preserving the structure of PDF research papers, including tables, figures, footnotes, and reference lists. Simply upload your PDF file, and the tool will generate a bilingual version with the translated text appearing alongside the original. This side-by-side display is particularly valuable for researchers who need to verify technical terminology or compare specific sections. For complex academic documents with mathematical formulas or multi-column layouts, the BabelDOC advanced PDF translation module can detect document structure and accurately handle scientific notation. ... Translating scholarly papers in technical domains requires more than word-for-word conversion—it demands contextual understanding of specialized terminology. Immersive Translate addresses this through its AI Smart Context feature, which pre-summarizes the entire document before translation. This helps maintain consistency in technical terms throughout lengthy research articles. For instance, when translating a medical paper, the system recognizes that certain Latin terms or drug names should remain unchanged, while complex concepts are translated with field-appropriate vocabulary. You can select translation engines that perform best for your discipline—DeepL often excels with European language pairs in scientific contexts, while ChatGPT and Gemini handle nuanced academic writing effectively. The instant text-selection translation feature also lets you highlight unfamiliar technical terms while reading to get quick definitions without interrupting your workflow. ... Rather than relying on a single translation service, you can compare outputs from ChatGPT, DeepL, Google Translate, and other engines side-by-side to identify the most accurate rendering of complex sentences. For critical sections, I recommend using the bilingual display mode to carefully proofread the translation against the original text. The mouse hover translation feature allows you to quickly check alternative translations for specific phrases by highlighting them. When translating papers for citation purposes, the layout preservation ensures that page numbers and section references remain accurate, which is essential for proper academic attribution.
Result 7
Thesis Translation Service | ET US
Published: 2025-08-13 | Last Updated: 2026-06-05
Thesis Translation Services
Espresso Translations has a dedicated team of native translators from multiple languages with the necessary experience to deliver high-quality translations of theses in various subject areas. ...
Certified Translation of Dissertations
Ultimately, what it needs is a high-quality level of professional thesis translation that holds its original meaning intact. ... At Espresso Translations we know precisely how we need to be ruthlessly proofread for accuracy and consistency. ... It requires more than just comprehension of the source and target languages; a deep understanding of academic language and technical terminology, certain editorial standards, and the specific field is also necessary. Below summarizes exactly why Espresso Translations is the best solution for translating your thesis with our ability to provide services for all kinds: ...
- Our professional translators understand the importance of preserving the original content in document translation while respecting grammar, lexis, and academic standards, all while maintaining accurate thesis terminology.
Such is true for any official documents in need of translation. Most generic software translation simply will not do as we will reference later.
- Our team of expert translators is supported by a staff of proofreaders, who ensure the translation of your thesis is properly proofread down to the letter.
They are also native experts, capable of minimizing the risk of errors. This is thanks to their meticulous proofreading process to validate correction and text verification to preserve academic integrity.
- We handle translation projects for undergraduate or doctoral theses in English and any other language, even more complex ones like Chinese, Turkish, Thai, etc.
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- We offer our clients a properly handled language translation service built on processes with a foundational expertise from studying the topic at hand to word-for-word review.
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How much do dissertation translation services cost?
On average, the cost of translating academic texts and dissertations from Italian to English is approximately $20 per page. ...
Is it necessary to also provide bibliographic references in the translation?
When translating a thesis, is it necessary to include the bibliographic references contained in the original? The answer is yes. Bibliographic references represent the list of sources consulted to write the thesis and as such must always be included at the end. Therefore, they must also be included in the translation.
Result 8
content-webapi.tuni.fi › proxy › publicGUIDE TO WRITING A THESIS IN TECHNICAL FIELDS
Last Updated: 2026-07-31
Whenever you refer to someone else’s work, the original author must be properly cited and acknowledged. ... Consistent use of references allows the reader to locate the original sources. ... A bachelor’s thesis includes only one abstract, which is written in the same language as the rest of the thesis. ... The abstract must be understandable even to people who are not familiar with the topic. Abstracts never contain information that is not mentioned in the main body of your thesis. Abstracts contain no references or quotations. ... The abstract and bibliographic information must fit on one page. The abstract is written using single line spacing and the same font as in the main body of the thesis. ... It may make sense to write your conclusions, abstract and introduction last in this order by continu- ously distilling your message. This ensures that their content remains consistent. ... It is important that all concepts are carefully defined in the theoretical section of your thesis, so that readers know what you are referring to. ... Only the publications referred to in the body of your thesis are listed in your bibliography. There are several different conventions for creating the bibliography and in-text citations. However, the bibliography must always include all the key bibliographic information con- cerning the publication, regardless of the referencing style that you are using. Make sure you follow the same style consistently throughout your thesis. The title of the bibliography is ‘References’. The list is justified and written using the same spacing and font type as the body of the thesis. Leave a larger space or a blank line between each entry. ... Use established terminology and neutral language. The most important terms, reserved words and foreign word should be highlighted, at least when they first appear in the text. ... The bibliography at the end of your thesis must provide full and accurate details of all the works that you have cited. ... Your references are listed at the end of your thesis in alphabetical order based on the first author’s last name.
Result 9
GUIDE TO WRITING A THESIS IN TECHNICAL FIELDS
Last Updated: 2026-07-07
Whenever you refer to someone else’s work, the original author must be properly cited and acknowledged. ... Consistent use of references allows the reader to locate the original sources. ... A bachelor’s thesis includes only one abstract, which is written in the same language as the rest of the thesis. The abstract describes your main research objectives, materials, key methods and re- sults (numerical results are encouraged), conclusions and recommendations for further research. The abstract must be understandable even to people who are not familiar with the topic. Abstracts never contain information that is not mentioned in the main body of your thesis. Abstracts contain no references or quotations. ... The actual abstract follows this information. The abstract and bibliographic information must fit on one page. The abstract is written using single line spacing and the same font as in the main body of the thesis. It is divided into paragraphs but no headings are used. ... It may make sense to write your conclusions, abstract and introduction last in this order by continu- ously distilling your message. This ensures that their content remains consistent. ... Your bibliography, or list of references, provides an overview of the theoretical and em- pirical context of your research and enables your reader to find further sources of related information. It must include all the bibliographic information needed to identify and locate the publication. Only the publications referred to in the body of your thesis are listed in your bibliography. ... However, the bibliography must always include all the key bibliographic information con- cerning the publication, regardless of the referencing style that you are using. Make sure you follow the same style consistently throughout your thesis. The title of the bibliography is ‘References’. The list is justified and written using the same spacing and font type as the body of the thesis. Leave a larger space or a blank line between each entry. ... Use established terminology and neutral language. The most important terms, reserved words and foreign word should be highlighted, at least when they first appear in the text. Use italics, boldface, or underlining (in this order of preference) for emphasis, but don’t overdo it. ... A large number of abbreviations are typically used in the fields of engineering, but you need to use them carefully. Do not overuse abbreviations. Common abbreviations (such as e.g., i.e., etc.) should mostly be written in their full form. Other abbreviations must be ... In-text citations are placed within the body of the text and they refer to the references listed at the end of your thesis. ... The bibliography at the end of your thesis must provide full and accurate details of all the works that you have cited. ... Your references are listed at the end of your thesis in alphabetical order based on the first author’s last name.
Result 10
Guidance for Translational Abstracts and Public Significance Statements
Last Updated: 2025-11-03
Guidance for translational abstracts and public significance statements
Although the exact contents of an abstract vary depending on the nature of the article (e.g., whether it is an empirical study, literature review, meta-analysis, theoretical paper, methodological paper, or case study), similar adjustments can be made for all types of papers when translating the scientific abstract into a lay abstract. ...
Structure of a translational abstract
Most details about the study method—including descriptions of apparatuses, outcome measures, data-gathering procedures, and research design—can be either summarized from the scientific abstract or omitted. ... State the findings in clear, nontechnical language. Remove any statistics from the translational abstract, including the results of significance tests, effect sizes, and confidence intervals. ... Emphasize the conclusions, implications, and applications that are relevant to your audience (e.g., the study will change how we treat certain conditions and/or understand certain behaviors) rather than those that are relevant to researchers (e.g., the study addresses a gap in the literature). ...
Examples of scientific and translational abstracts
Example 2: "Acceptability of Robot-Assisted Therapy for Disruptive Behavior Problems in Children" by Rabbitt, Kadzin, and Hong (2015)
The public significance statement summarizes the significance of the study's findings for a general audience in one to three sentences. ...
Guidelines for writing a public significance statement
The public significance statement should be one to three sentences in length, approximately 30 to 70 words long.
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